A business
presentation can be retrieved from the following link:
Doing
Business in Algeria...
Algeria is important to world energy markets because it is a
significant oil and gas producer and exporter. Algeria also is a member
of OPEC and an important, growing energy source for Europe, Canada and
the United States in parallel to be a marketplace for oil oriented
foreign direct investments and promising one for capital and consumer
goods.
Following
years of civil war and continuing political unrest, Algeria now is
experiencing a significant economic upturn, in large part aided by
strong oil and natural gas export revenues since 1999. Real gross
domestic product (GDP) growth is expected to reach 6.4% in 2004,
following estimated growth of 7.4% in 2003. The sharp increase in oil
export revenues which Algeria has enjoyed during the past few years has
led the country's foreign reserves to rebound sharply (to over $30
billion by late 2003, compared to $12 billion at the end of 2000),
external debt to fall (to the lowest level in a decade), the current
account balance to improve dramatically, and pressures on government
finances to decrease.
Despite the recent good news, Algeria continues to face serious
economic, social, and political problems, including: high
unemployment (officially around 30%, but possibly much higher);
continued political violence by Islamic fundamentalists and
others; labor unrest; a large black market (possibly 20% of the
country's GDP); continued weakness in the non-oil economy;
natural disasters (a severe drought hurt the agricultural sector
in 2000; heavy flooding struck northern Algeria in November
2001; a major earthquake hit Algeria in May 2003); and slow
progress on economic reform efforts (largely due to opposition
by labor unions and the armed forces). Periodically, there have
been protests by the country's restive Berber minority demanding
greater autonomy, increased employment opportunities, and better
living conditions. The unrest has centered on the Kabyle region
of northeastern Algeria.
In
early November 2003, Algeria unveiled its draft budget for 2004.
The budget calls for increased social spending and assumes
economic growth of 5.1%, inflation of 2.0%, and a $19 per barrel
price for Algerian oil. The oil price assumption appears to be
extremely conservative, considering that prices in 2003 averaged
around $10 per barrel higher than this. Algeria remains highly
dependent on oil and natural gas exports, which account for more
than 90% of Algerian export earnings, and about 30% of GDP.
With rapid population growth, Algeria's top priority is to
reduce the country's extremely high unemployment rate (estimated
at around 50% for the "under-30s" age group). Regardless of
fluctuating oil revenues, structural reforms and fiscal
discipline appear to remain important parts of the government's
economic program, as urged by the IMF. To date, however, little
progress in this regard appears to have been made. For instance,
an important hydrocarbons reform bill, which among other things
would "corporatize" state oil company Sonatrach, had gone
nowhere as of early 2003. In February 2003, a two-day strike
among oil and gas workers was launched in protest of the
proposed legislation. Algeria is scheduled to hold Presidential
elections in April 2004, meaning that any new reform initiatives
will probably have to wait until mid-2004. Meanwhile, it is
likely that Algeria will pursue expansionary economic policies
ahead of the elections.
In
January 2004, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) issued its
annual "Article IV" assessment of the Algerian economy, urging
that the government proceed with privatization and banking
reform, while lowering tariffs aimed at protecting domestic
industry and reducing dependence on hydrocarbons. The IMF
praised the Algerian government for its strong macroeconomic
discipline, while pointing out that high oil prices provide
Algeria with an opportunity to make progress on implementing
reforms and addressing the country's many problems.
In
late 2001, an important new hydrocarbons reform bill was
introduced, but progress stalled in 2002 and 2003. The bill
would open Algeria's all-important energy sector to private
(including foreign) investment, although state oil and gas
company Sonatrach (see below) most likely would remain in public
hands. The law faces opposition from trade unions and others,
and already has been watered down somewhat from its original
form, while Energy and Mines Minister Chekib Khelil has stated
that "it is not necessary to privatize" Sonatrach. One study, by
Bayphase, estimates that Algeria's oil and gas sectors will
require total capital investment of $50-$73 billion over the
next 10 years.
In
December 2002, Algeria signed a cooperation pact with the
European Free Trade Association (EFTA), providing for expanded
and liberalized trade with EFTA members (Iceland, Liechtenstein,
Norway, and Switzerland). Algeria also is pursuing membership in
the World Trade Organization, with the latest negotiations
concluded in Geneva during November 2002. In late 2001, Algeria
and the EU reached an Association Agreement after years of
negotiations, and the deal was ratified by the European
Parliament in October 2002. Under the accord, Algeria is to cut
tariffs on EU agricultural and industrial products over the next
10 years. In exchange, the EU will eliminate duties and quotas
on many Algerian agricultural products.
President Abdelaziz Bouteflika, elected President on April 15,
1999 for a 5-year term, has attempted to implement plans for
national reconciliation and economic reforms (i.e.,
deregulation, privatization). More than 100,000 rebels, soldiers
and civilians have died in Algeria's civil war, which began in
1992 following the military's nullification of a national
election won by the Islamic Salvation Party. On July 13, 1999,
President Bouteflika offered amnesty to rebel groups, and on
September 16 a national referendum was held in which voters
approved the offer. Although the government claimed that nearly
80% of rebels (including members of the Islamic Salvation Army)
accepted amnesty, the level of violence appeared to rise once
again, with the most violent groups apparently stepping up
attacks. In August 2000, President Bouteflika replaced Prime
Minister Ahmed Benbitour with Ali Benflis. Parliamentary
elections were held in May 2002, resulting in a strong showing
for the president's party, the FLN. On February 19, 2004,
President Bouteflika announced that he would stand for
re-election in April 2004.
Oil
Although oil was first discovered in Algeria at the Hassi Messaoud
oil field in 1956, Algeria is considered to be underexplored.
Algeria's National Council of Energy believes that the country
still contains vast hydrocarbon potential. Over the last few
years, significant oil and gas discoveries have been made,
largely by foreign companies (in partnership with state-owned
Sonatrach, as required by current Algerian law). Sonatrach and
its foreign partners hope to increase Algeria's crude oil
production capacity significantly over the next few years.
In
order to accomplish this, Algeria will require significant
amounts of foreign capital and expertise. Energy Minister Chekib
Khelil has stated that his goal is "to double the number of
companies operating in Algeria over the next five years" to 40
companies. Khelil also has expressed his view that the industry
needs to be restructured in order to survive, and that new
regulatory bodies independent of the Energy and Mining Ministry
might be needed as well. Algeria's oil sector, unlike that of
most OPEC producers, has been open to foreign investors for more
than a decade.
Algeria's proven oil reserves are estimated at 11.3 billion
barrels, although "recoverable oil resources" may range as high
as 43 billion barrels. With recent oil discoveries, plans for
more exploration drilling, improved data on existing fields, and
use of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) systems, proven oil reserve
estimates are expected to be revised upward in coming years.
Algeria should also see a sharp increase in crude oil exports
over the next few years due to a rapid shift towards domestic
natural gas consumption and planned increases in oil production
by Sonatrach and its foreign partners. In December 2003, Energy
Minister Khelil stated that he hoped to see a total of 54 wells
drilled during 2004, up from 43 in 2003 and 29 in 2002.
Approximately 90% of Algeria's crude oil exports go to Western
Europe, with Italy as the main market followed by Germany and
France. The Netherlands, Spain and Britain are other important
European markets. Algeria's Saharan Blend oil, 45o
API with negligible (0.05%) sulfur content, is considered among
the highest quality in the world.
As
mentioned above, the Algerian parliament has been considering a
law which would restructure the state oil company, Sonatrach
(and Sonelgaz, the state utility) in order to attract private
international investment. One possibility would be for Sonatrach
to remain the national oil company but eventually be forced to
compete for new projects. Non-core subsidiaries of Sonatrach
also could be privatized if the law passes. In January 2001,
Algeria's oil and gas industry labor unions announced their
opposition to any government plans to open up the country's
hydrocarbon sector to foreign investors.
Oil
Production
Algeria's average crude oil production during 2003 was around 1.2
million bbl/d. Together with 445,000 bbl/d of lease condensate
and 250,000 bbl/d of natural gas plant liquids, Algeria averaged
about 1.86 million bbl/d of total oil production during 2003, up
sharply from 1.57 million bbl/d in 2002. Algeria's crude oil
production is running well above its OPEC quota of 782,000 bbl/d
(as of November 1, 2003; only crude oil production is subject to
the OPEC quota). Algeria had estimated net oil exports
(including crude oil, lease condensate, and natural gas liquids)
of around 1.65 million bbl/d in 2002, most of which went to
Europe and the United States. Domestic oil consumption is around
212,000 bbl/d.
In
coming years, it is likely that Algeria's oil production
capacity will be increasing rapidly as the country invests
billions of dollars into exploration and development efforts.
Currently, the country is targeting crude oil production
capacity of 1.5 million bbl/d by 2005 and 2.0 million bbl/d by
2010.
Much of Algeria's increased production capacity will come from
foreign independent oil companies, such as Amerada Hess (the El-Gassi
field), Anadarko (Berkine, Ourhoud), Burlington Resources (Block
405), BHP Billiton (ROD), and Cepsa (Ourhoud, Rhourde El Krouf).
Sonatrach accounts for more than half of Algeria's crude oil
output. Anadarko is the largest foreign oil producer in Algeria,
with current output of around 530,000 bbl/d of oil (300,000
bbl/d at Berkine, 230,000 bbl/d at Ourhoud). Anadarko is
developing seven oil and gas fields in Block 208 of the Berkine
Basin. First production from the fields (EKT, El Merk, El Merk
N, El Merk E, El Merk C, El Kheit, and El Tessekha) is possible
in 2004, with output eventually reaching 150,000-200,000 bbl/d
of crude oil and condensate.
By
far, the largest oil field in Algeria is Hassi Messaoud, located
in the center of the country, which produces about
350,000-400,000 bbl/d of 46o API crude, down from
550,000 bbl/d in the 1970s, but up from 300,000 bbl/d in 1989.
The Hassi Messaoud area contains an estimated 6.4 billion
barrels, just under 60% of the country's proven oil reserves.
Sonatrach hopes to double production at the field to
700,000-750,000 bbl/d within 5-7 years.
Besides Hassi Messaoud, Sonatrach operates Algeria's other major
oil fields, including Rhourde el-Baguel (Algeria's second
largest oil field, located to the northeast of Hassi Messaoud),
Tin Fouye Tabankort Ordo, Zarzaitine (30,000 bbl/d), Haoud
Berkaoui/Ben Kahla, el-Gassi el-Agreb and Ait Kheir. The Hassi
R'Mel gas field (north of Hassi Messaoud, south of Algiers) also
produces around 18,000 bbl/d of 46.1o API crude. In
February 2004, Sonatrach announced that it had discovered a new
oilfield near Rhourde El Baguel, with possible oil reserves of
360 million barrels.
In
April 2000, Amerada Hess announced that it had acquired (for $55
million) the Gassi el-Agreb Redevelopment Project from Sonatrach.
Amerada Hess will form a joint operating company with Sonatrach,
to be called Sonahess, and will invest $500 million over 5 years
to enhance recovery from the el-Gassi, el-Agreb, and Zotti
fields. Currently, the three fields produce around 30,000 bbl/d,
and the redevelopment project aims to increase production to
45,000 bbl/d.
BHP
has stated that it will spend $190 million on oil field
development at the ROD integrated oil development project in the
Berkine Basin in eastern Algeria. Production is expected to
commence in mid- to late-2004 at 35,000 bbl/d, and peak at
80,000 bbl/d. In July 2000, several companies (Burlington
Resources, Talisman, and Sonatrach) announced that they would
develop the MLN (Menzel Ledjmat North) field in Block 405a. MLN
is expected to produce around 35,000-40,000 bbl/d when completed
(initial output of 14,000 bbl/d began in early July 2003).
Exploration success rates in the Berkine Basin have been high,
and several billion barrels of oil may lie within 15 miles or so
of the area.
In early January 2003, Sonatrach announced that it had brought the
1-billion-barrel, $1.3 billion Ourhoud oil field online, ahead of
schedule, with initial production of 75,000 bbl/d. Output at the field
reportedly reached 230,000 bbl/d by April 2003, when all three oil
treatment trains came online. Ourhoud is divided into three blocks
operated by Anadarko (Block 404), Cepsa of Spain (Block 406a), and
Burlington Resources (Block 405). Ourhoud is operated by Cepsa,
Anadarko, ENI, Maersk, Burlington, and Sonatrach.
Although Algeria has experienced a significant influx of foreign
investment in recent years, it still has many oil fields in need of
additional foreign capital and EOR investment. Halliburton has an
eight-year contract to provide EOR services and boost production at
Hassi Messaoud, for instance, which saw production fall sharply
beginning in the mid-1980s. Algeria's second largest oil field, Rhourde
El Baguel, already has received foreign investment to boost its
production capacity. Rhourde El Baguel contains about three billion
barrels of 42.6o API oil, of which less than 450 million
barrels has been produced since 1963. In February 1996, Arco (now owned
by BP) signed a $1.3-billion production sharing agreement (PSA) with
Sonatrach to increase production at the field. BP expects to raise the
field's output from 27,000 bbl/d to 125,000 bbl/d by 2010.
During 2004, Algeria is planning to open its fifth licensing round for
oil and gas. The country received bids from nearly 40 companies in its
fourth licensing round, although it awarded only 12 blocks for
exploration. In September 2003, Brazil's Petrobras signed a deal with
Sonatrach to explore for oil in Algeria, and in December 2003, Algeria
and China's CNPC reached a similar agreement. Also in December 2003,
Cepsa and Total won drilling and exploration rights on the Bechar block
in the Sahara desert.
Sinopec reportedly was awarded a $525 million contract in October 2002
to help increase the crude oil recovery rate at Zarzataine, near Hassi
Messaoud. In November 2002, the Kuwait Foreign Petroleum Exploration
Company (KUFPEC) and Anadarko announced a partnership to explore the
Berkine Basin. KUFPEC has not been active in Algeria for over 10 years.
A Full presentation on
the economic situation of Algeria can be also review at this link:
For an Overview Of Economic Indicators on Algeria:
View full Analysis
Downstream
Algeria has four
oil refineries, with combined capacity of 450,000 bbl/d, which supply
most of the country's refined oil product needs (Algeria also imports
around 20,000-35,000 bbl/d of sour crudes and specific products). The
30,000-bbl/d Hassi Messaoud plant supplies products to southern Algeria.
The 60,000-bbl/d Algiers refinery processes crude from Hassi Messaoud.
Finally, the coastal 60,000-bbl/d Arzew refinery, which uses Algerian
Saharan blend as feedstock, produces products for domestic consumption
and export.
In January 2001, Algeria issued a tender for a new refinery in the
central Adrar region near the Sbaa basin, and in May 2003 contracted
with China's CNODC to build it (for $350 million, including upstream
development as well). Algeria also is looking at upgrading the In Amenas
refinery, currently idle.
Although Algeria has a substantial petrochemical and fertilizer industry,
low capacity utilization rates mean continued reliance on imports. The
majority of Algeria's petrochemical plants are located at Annaba (a
550,000-ton- per-year (t/y) - ammonium phosphate fertilizer plant and
ammonium nitrate and nitric acid complex), Arzew (365,000 t/y ammonia,
146,000 t/y urea, and 182,500 t/y ammonium nitrate), and Skikda (a 130,000
t/y high-density polyethylene unit, 120,000-t/y ethylene cracker, and a
substantial aromatics complex). Sonatrach has undertaken a number of
petrochemical and fertilizer expansion projects, including a new methyl
tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) complex and a polyester resin complex.
Algeria uses seven coastal terminals for crude oil, refined product, NGL,
and liquefied natural gas (LNG) exports. These are located at Arzew
(Algeria's largest crude oil export port), Skikda (Algeria's second
largest crude oil export port), Algiers, Annaba, Oran, plus the Tunisian
facilities of Bejaia and La Skhirra. Arzew handles about 40% of
Algeria's total hydrocarbon exports (including all of its NGL exports),
and Algeria has ambitious plans for the port area. Among other things,
the government would like to build a petrochemicals complex at Arzew, as
well as a condensate refinery and desalination plant. Work also needs to
be done to maintain and upgrade Arzew's crude oil loading capacity. A
refurbishment project on the port began in 1998. Skikda port is limited
to 80,000-ton tankers and will require dredging and other maintenance
work in order to accommodate larger tankers.
Natural Gas
Commercial
production of natural gas began in 1961, with output in 2000 of 2.8
trillion cubic feet (Tcf). Algeria has 160 Tcf of proven natural gas
reserves, primarily associated (with oil), ranking it in the top 10
worldwide. Algeria's recoverable natural gas potential may, however, be
as high as 282 Tcf. In 2000, natural gas (including natural gas liquids)
accounted for about 60% of Algeria's total hydrocarbons production.
Algeria also is a major natural gas exporter, accounting for one-fifth
of EU natural gas imports in 2000 (Russia accounted for 39% in that
year). As of 2002, Algeria's total natural gas export capacity, via
pipeline and LNG tanker, was over 2 Tcf per year. This is expected to
increase rapidly in coming years as major new gas fields, export
pipelines, and LNG facilities come online. Algeria's goal is to export 3
Tcf per year or more by 2010. Algeria is a founding member of the Gas
Exporting Countries' Forum, a loose group of 15 gas producing countries
formed in Tehran in May 2000.
Algeria's largest gas field (by far) is the super-giant Hassi R'Mel,
discovered in 1956 and holding proven reserves of about 85 Tcf. Hassi
R'Mel accounts for around 1.35 billion cubic feet (Bcf) per day, or
about a quarter of Algeria's total dry gas production. The remainder of
Algeria's gas reserves are located in associated and non-associated
fields in the southeast, and in non-associated reservoirs in the In
Salah region of southern Algeria. (Note: flaring of natural gas at
Algeria's associated gas fields is slated to end in 2010). The Rhourde
Nouss region holds 13 Tcf of known reserves in the Rhourde Nouss,
Rhourde Nouss Sud-Est, Rhourde Adra, Rhourde Chouff, and Rhourde Hamra
fields. Smaller gas reserves are located in the In Salah region (5-10
Tcf) as well as at the Tin Fouye Tabankort (TFT; 5.1 Tcf), Alrar (4.7
Tcf), Ouan Dimeta (1.8 Tcf), and Oued Noumer fields. In October 2003,
Sonatrach announced a major natural gas discovery in the Reggane Basin
in southwestern Algeria.
Algeria's natural gas pipeline export capacity includes around
900 Bcf/y via the 667-mile Trans-Mediterranean (Transmed,
renamed Enrico Mattei) line from Hassi R'Mel via Tunisia and
Sicily to mainland Italy, and 280 Bcf/y via the 1,013-mile
Maghreb-Europe Gas (MEG, renamed Pedro Duran Farell, onstream
since November 1996) line via Morocco to Cordoba, Spain, where
it ties into the Spanish and Portugese gas transmission
networks. Given that over the past decade, natural gas has been
the fastest growing fuel source in the EU, with natural gas -
mainly imported -- expected to account for 26% of EU energy
consumption by 2010, Algeria has plans to increase its natural
gas export capacity significantly in coming years. In August
2001, Sonatrach awarded ABB a $93 million contract to build a
natural gas compressor station on the Pedro Duran Farrell (MEG)
line in order to raise capacity to nearly 400 Bcf/y by late 2004
(and 650 Bcf/y by 2006). There also are plans to expand Transmed
capacity to more than 1 Tcf per year by 2005.
One
complication in Algeria's natural gas export strategy to Europe
has been EU liberalization, which has complicated the legality
of traditional "destination clauses" for gas deliveries. Such
clauses prevent the offtaker of the gas from reselling it to
another EU state, and this has complicated Algeria's attempts at
signing agreements with EU purchasers, such as ENEL.
In
late July 2001, Spain's Cepsa and Algeria's Sonatrach (with 20%
shares each) agreed to move ahead with a new natural gas
pipeline (Medgaz) linking Algeria directly to Spain, and onwards
to France. Since then, several other companies -- BP, Endesa,
Eni, Gaz de France, and TotalFinaElf -- have acquired 12% shares
in Medgaz. In September 2002, the consortium completed a study
of the line's feasibility, but work did not begin in 2003 as had
been expected. The $1.3 billion, 280-Bcf/y (initial capacity)
Medgaz line most likely would go from Hassi R'Mel through the
port of Arzew to Almeira, Spain, and include a power cable as
well. Medgaz could be operational by 2006. In November 2002,
Cepsa said that it had signed a letter of intent to purchase 35
Bcf/y of natural gas via Medgaz. In October 2003, Iberdrola
announced that it had taken over Eni's 12% share in the Medgaz
project. In January 2004, Algeria asked Spain's Enagas to join
the project.
In
December 2001, Sonatrach signed a deal with Italy's Enel and
Germany's Wintershall on a feasibility study of another new
natural gas pipeline, this one from Algeria under the
Mediterranean Sea to Sicily and onwards to the Italian mainland
and also southern France. Initial capacity on this line could be
in the 280-350 Bcf per year range. Possible routes include one
to Sardinia and Corsica, entering mainland Italy at La Spezia.
An alternative route would run through Sardinia to the Italian
mainland at Castiglione della Pescaia. The project could cost $2
billion and possibly be operational by 2008. A power line is to
be built along the route as well.
Another possibility that has been mentioned recently is a
Trans-Sahara natural gas pipeline from Nigeria, across the
Sahara, and north through Algeria to the Mediterranean coast.
The pipeline could cost $5-$7 billion and utilize the Medgaz
line to Spain.
Aside from exports to Italy, Spain, Portugal, etc., Algeria has
a policy of using its natural gas reserves as a source of
domestic energy and as a raw material for the petrochemical
industry. Algeria consumes around 400 Bcf of natural gas per
year. Approximately 95% of the country's electricity is
generated by natural gas.
Development of the In Salah region is one of the lynchpins in
Algeria's plan to increase its natural gas exports. In February
2000, BP Amoco (now BP) and Sonatrach signed a $2.5 billion deal
to develop seven of the twelve existing fields in the In Salah
region, including the Garat al-Bafinat, Teguentour, Krechta, Reg,
In Salah, Hassi Moumeme, and Gour Mahmoud fields. These fields
contain estimated dry natural gas reserves of 6 Tcf, with a
potential for 10 Tcf total. In addition, the joint venture,
called In Salah Gas, will appraise existing wells and explore
for new gas reserves in the In Salah region. In Salah Gas is the
first major natural gas joint venture between Sonatrach and a
foreign partner. Production from the region originally was
expected to come online in late 2003, after the drilling of up
to 200 production wells and construction of a $1 billion,
48-inch pipeline link to Hassi R'Mel. However, progress has been
slowed due to several factors, including EU rules on natural gas
re-exports (see above) and slower-than-expected natural gas
demand growth in potential importing countries such as Spain,
and production now is expected to begin in mid-2004. In July
2003, Statoil agreed to buy 49% of BP's interest in the In Salah
project, plus 50% of BP's stake in the In Amenas development
(see below), for a total of $740 million.
In
May 1997, In Salah Gas sealed its first natural gas sales deal
with Italian electricity generator Enel. The deal enables In
Salah Gas to take over an existing contract to supply Enel with
141 Bcf/y of gas. Sonatrach will continue supplying the Italian
power giant with natural gas supplies until In Salah is ready.
The deal represents In Salah's first step towards achieving its
sales goal of 315 Bcf/y. Besides Enel, the venture is also
marketing gas to other potential clients in Europe, Turkey and
North Africa.
Besides In Salah, three other important Algerian natural gas and
condensates projects are Ohanet, In Amenas, and Gassi Touil.
Ohanet is located in the Illizi province on the northern edge of
the Sahara desert about 60 miles west of the Libyan border.
Ohanet is being developed -- at a cost of around $1 billion --
by Australia's BHP (with a 45% share), Woodside Petroleum (15%),
Japan Ohanet Oil and Gas, Swiss-Swedish ABB, and U.S.-based
Petrofac. Natural gas production from Ohanet began in October
2003, with natural gas liquids and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)
production expected as well. The Ohanet project includes
construction of a natural gas processing plant, with capacity of
30,000 bbl/d of condensate, 26,000 bbl/d of LPG, and around 700
million cubic feet (Mmcf)/day of natural gas -- as well as a
pipeline. BHP is to operate the fields in partnership with
Sonatrach.
In
November 2002, Sonatrach and BP signed a deal to develop natural
gas production in the In Amenas region. The $1.8 billion project
is due to come onstream in 2005 and to produce around 900
million cubic feet per day of "wet" (i.e., associated with oil)
natural gas, plus 50,000 bbl/d of condensate and LPG. The
project also includes construction of three pipelines to carry
the hydrocarbons to the Sonatrach distribution system at Ohanet.
In
May 2002, Algeria issued and international tender for
development of Gassi Touil, which is believed to contain natural
gas reserves of 9 Tcf. In January 2004, Energy Minister Khalil
said that Algeria intended to award a contract for Gassi Touil
development by March 2004. Bidders include Amerada Hess, BHP
Billiton, ExxonMobil, Marathon, Occidental, Petronas, Repsol,
Shell, Total, and others. Gassi Touil is expected to have
eventual production capacity of 580 Mmcf/d, much of which will
be exported as LNG, with development to cost $2 billion.
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Exports
With the start-up of the Arzew GL4Z plant in 1964, Algeria became
the world's first LNG producer. Algeria is the second largest
exporter of LNG (behind Indonesia), with around 17% of the
world's total, exported mainly to Western Europe (France,
Belgium, Spain, Turkey, Italy, and Greece) and the United States
(about 5% of Algeria's LNG exports go there). Sonatrach has LNG
export contracts with Gaz de France, Belgium's Distrigaz,
Spain's Enagas, Turkey's Botas, Italy's Snam, and Greece's DEPA.
On
January 19, 2004, a boiler exploded at the Skikda LNG export
terminal, Algeria's second largest next to Arzew, killing at
least 27 people and shutting down operations at several adjacent
facilities, including a refinery and crude oil and petroleum
product loading terminals. Three liquefaction trains (out of
six) at Skikda were heavily damaged, accounting for 11% of
Algeria's total LNG capacity. Overall, Skikda handles about
one-quarter of Algeria’s total LNG exports, with a nameplate
capacity of 230 billion cubic feet (Bcf) per year prior to the
accident. Most of the LNG exported from Skikda currently is
earmarked for markets in Western Europe (mostly France, with
smaller quantities going to Greece, Italy and Spain). Algeria
has 44 Bcf per year of spare capacity available at its Arzew
liquefaction complex, which accounts for the other
three-quarters of the country’s LNG exports. Energy Minister
Khelil has promised to build two new LNG trains in Skikda, with
double the capacity of the three destroyed units and utilizing
the most advanced technology. The cost of rebuilding could
approach $800 million.
In
1999, Sonatrach completed a total renovation of its LNG
facilities, raising the country's LNG production capacity to
around 1 Tcf per year. This refurbishment program focused on the
400-Bcf/year Arzew GL1Z, 440-Bcf/year Arzew GL2Z, and
275-Bcf/year Skikda GL1K plants. Also, Algeria's original
60-Bcf/y Arzew GL4Z, or "Camel," plant, which was slated for
decommissioning by 1997, has been refurbished to keep the plant
operational for reserve purposes until at least 2003. Sonatrach
plans to expand its exports, especially to Europe. In September
2001, Spain's second largest power company, Iberdrola, purchased
a spot LNG cargo from Algeria, the first such purchase by a
Spanish utility.
Electricity
Algeria's electricity demand is growing at a rapid, 5%-7% annual
rate, and will, according to Sonelgaz, require significant
additional capacity -- possibly 8,000 MW by 2010 -- in coming
years. Currently, Algeria has around 6,000 MW of installed power
generating capacity, but this has not been sufficient to reach
demand during peak cooling periods in the summer. In July 2003,
power and water shortages led to rioting and demonstrations in
the country. Currently, the Algerian government is pushing power
conservation measures. In the longer-term, however, Algeria's
power sector will need to grow. This will require billions of
dollars worth of investments in new generating capacity, plus
transmission and distribution infrastructure (i.e., lines and
sub-stations).
In
February 2002, legislation passed by Algeria's parliament ended
Sonelgaz's monopoly over electric power generation,
transmission, and distribution, converted the company into a
joint-stock company, and cleared the way for Algeria's first
independent power projects (IPPs). However, further legislation
which would allow Sonatrach to operate along commercial lines is
stalled at the moment.
In
May 2001, Sonatrach and Sonelgaz established a joint venture --
the Algerian Energy Company (AEC) -- to export electricity.
Among other projects, AEC is examining the feasibility of
establishing a trans-Mediterranean power link to Italy. In
December 2001, Sonelgaz signed a joint venture agreement with
Italian power grid manager GRTN on the possibility of
constructing an undersea power cable to export electricity to
Europe via Sardinia or Sicily. In November 2001, Sonelgaz signed
a similar deal with Spain's power group Red Electrica de Espana
to build an underwater power line between Algeria and Spain.
Currently, Algeria has two links to the Moroccan electricity
grid and supplies over 550 gigawatthours (GWh) of electricity to
Morocco. In December 2003, a draft agreement on integrating the
Maghreb and European power grids was signed in Rome.
Sonatrach has a $107 million contract with Anadarko and Italy's
GE Nuovo Pignone to build the country's first privately financed
natural-gas-fired power plant at Hassi Berkine. GE Nuovo Pignone,
a subsidiary of General Electric, will also provide a gas
treatment system, liquid fuel gas turbine storage and services.
In July 2003, Canada's SNC Lavalin was awarded contracts to
design and build an 825-MW combined cycle power plant in Skikda.
The U.S. Export-Import Bank has agred to provide export
guarantees, since a U.S. subsidiary of Lavalin is exporting GE
gas-fired turbines and providing engineering services for the
project, which is expected to come online in the third quarter
of 2005. In August 2003, France's Alstom won a contract to
construct a 300-MW power plant at F'Kirina, around 300 miles
east of Algiers.
In
July 2002, Sonatrach and Sonelgaz formed a new, renewable energy
joint venture company, called New Energy Algeria (NEAL). NEAL
will look at development of solar, wind, biomass, and
photovoltaic (PV) energy production. One project reportedly
under consideration is a 120-MW hybrid natural gas/solar power
plant and a wind/diesel/PV facility at Timimoun. In January
2003, Algeria and the International Energy Agency agreed on
technological cooperation in developing solar power. Overall,
Algeria is aiming at a 5% share for solar in the country's
electricity mix by 2010.
Sources for this report include: Africa Energy Intelligence;
Africa News; Africa Oil and Gas Bulletin; Africa Research
Bulletin, AFX.COM, AP Worldstream; APS Review Gas Market Trends;
APS Review Oil Market Trends; BBC Monitoring; Business Wire; CIA
World Factbook; CWC Africa Energy Alert; Dow Jones
International; Economist Intelligence Unit; Energy Compass;
Financial Times; International Oil Daily; Middle East Economic
Digest (MEED); Middle East Economic Survey (MEES); Middle East
Executive Reports; Middle East News Online; Natural Gas Week;
Oil and Gas Journal; Petroleum Economist; Petroleum Intelligence
Weekly; Platts Oilgram News; PR Newswire; U.S. Energy
Information Administration; Weekly Petroleum Argus; World Gas
Intelligence; World Markets Research.
Note: Information contained in this report is the best available
as of February 2004 and is subject to change.
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